Abbiss & Laursen 2008, describing and understanding pacing strategies

Narrative review in Sports Medicine that classifies athletic pacing into all-out, positive, even, negative, parabolic and variable profiles and links each to event duration. Concludes that very short events (≤30 s) favour an all-out start, events longer than about 2 minutes favour more even pace distribution, and that constant speed minimises energy cost per distance on uniform courses while constant effort is more economical over hills.